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Stairstepping Reserves – Two Edged Avoidable Poisonous Sword

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Stairstepping Reserves Never Good For Workers Comp

The two edged sword of Stairstepping reserves can be one of the most damaging developments to E-Mods or even worse for self insureds/large deductible plans.

Graphic of Stairstepping Reserves Dollar Bundle With Arrow Increase
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The basic Workers Comp claims formula is Total Incurred = Paid + Outstanding Reserves.   The Total Incurred figure is what is charged against an employer’s E-Mod (X-mod).

Stairstepped reserves occur when a claims staff – in particular Workers Comp – decides to increase the reserves on a file just enough to cover making certain payments.   Independent file reviews will usually uncover this situation immediately.

The adjuster is usually locked out from making any payments until the reserves are adequate to at least make the payment.  The adjuster will increase the file just enough to make a payment. This type of reserve-bumping is OK on a very limited basis.  Why should a medical provider or an injured employee wait to receive a payment until an internal Workers Comp claims staff function is finished?

This type of reserve increases would actually seem as if  the insured employer would actually benefit.  This is not necessarily true.  The self insured employer or self insured fund is also severely impacted by stair-stepping.

In self insured, large deductible, or regular Workers Comp coverage, each type of insured is affected as follows:

Self Insured/Large Deductible

Woman Working On Bills Stairstepping Reserves On Table
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The TPA is responsible for handling the file and setting the reserves.  There is a very high level of fiduciary responsibility as the TPA is spending directly out of a budgeted account.

If the self-insured employer is budgeting for the next year, they will have a serious shortfall as they believe  the reserves used for budgeting are adequate.  Stair-stepped reserves will always be inadequate as they are basically  budgeted for tomorrow only.

The self insured employer then runs out of budgeted WC funds halfway through the year.   If the budget allows for no or little wiggle room the self insured employer will have to find the funds somewhere such as layoffs, borrowing, or cutting back elsewhere.

The self insured employer will sometimes have to actually convert to a regular insurance policy if the shortfall is severe enough and then possibly use a payment plan.  This happens more than realized each year.

The other two parties harmed in stair-stepping reserves go unmentioned very often.

Stairstepping Reserves = Multiple Bad Effects

Picture Of Stairstepping Reserves Insurance Form And Dollars
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The two edge sword of Stairstepping reserves for self insureds and large deductible programs can have a dire effect.   As defined earlier, stair-stepping is when an adjuster or member of a claims staff actually increases the reserves (Total Incurred = Paid + Reserves) just enough to make that day or week’s payments.

The other two parties harmed with stairstepping reserves are:

Regular First Dollar Insureds

If a Workers Comp adjuster of member of a claims staff increases the reserves just enough to make payments, then it would seem that this would be less harmful to an insured than setting larger reserves.

The Total Incurred is the amount reported to NCCI or the Rating Bureaus each year.  When reserves are stair-stepped the insured employer thinks the reserves are adequate.   Sooner or later, the adjuster’s authority level runs out, and the file reserves must be increased sharply.

The employer’s E-Mod takes a drubbing as a very large reserve increase happens out of nowhere.  With the looming changes by NCCI and most rating bureaus, these post-stairstepped reserves can result in an E-Mod jumping by a large percentage.

Stairstepping the reserves could actually help the Mod in the short term.  In the long term, the piper has to be paid at some time.  The E-Mod (X-Mod) systems and actuarial systems are built around accurate and timely reserving.

This is a term called IBNR (Incurred But Not Reported) that all rating bureaus and actuaries build into their estimates for Workers Comp insurance payouts. The IBNR does not take into account any stair-stepping.

Mod systems are known for catching up to any type of aberrant reserves.  The catch-up mechanism is a very sharp Mod increase that an insured employer may not have budgeted due to stairstepping.

TPA’s/Carriers/Self Insured Funds

The under-the-radar parties that can be heavily are ironically the claims staff’s or adjuster’s employer.  There have been many instances of self insured funds closing down due to inadequate reserves.  Stair-stepping will always add to and accelerate this type of problem.

TPA’s can easily lose clients if their adjusters are not adding in timely and adequate reserves.  A self insured employer turns over a very important fiduciary duty to the TPA’s which spend money directly out of an account.

Inadequate reserves will cause an employer to shop around for a new TPA.  The TPA’s integrity will be lost when their client realizes the reserves on quite a few claims have been stair-stepped.  The employer has not budgeted for the future payouts properly.

Picture of Stairstepping Reserves Hand With coins and plant
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The same can be said for insurance carriers.  Their clients cannot trust them to make the proper decisions on a file when the reserve histories show than reserves have been properly input for their claims.  A carrier cannot stay in business very long with inadequate reserving by their adjusting staff.

The old “pay me now or pay me later” rule would apply.  Should reserves never be stair-stepped?  As pointed out in the previous post, an injured worker should not have to wait on a weekly check or medical bill being paid at the sacrifice of an internal claims process.

Stair-stepped reserves can be seen very easily by the trained eye of an independent reviewer.

Related: What Does Stair Step Reserving Mean?

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James J Moore - Workers Comp Expert

Raleigh, NC, United States

About The Author...

James founded a Workers’ Compensation consulting firm, J&L Risk Management Consultants, Inc. in 1996. J&L’s mission is to reduce our clients’ Workers Compensation premiums by using time-tested techniques. J&L’s claims, premium, reserve and Experience Mod reviews have saved employers over $9.8 million in earned premiums over the last three years. J&L has saved numerous companies from bankruptcy proceedings as a result of insurance overpayments.

James has over 27 years of experience in insurance claims, audit, and underwriting, specializing in Workers’ Compensation. He has supervised, and managed the administration of Workers’ Compensation claims, and underwriting in over 45 states. His professional experience includes being the Director of Risk Management for the North Carolina School Boards Association. He created a very successful Workers’ Compensation Injury Rehabilitation Unit for school personnel.

James’s educational background, which centered on computer technology, culminated in earning a Masters of Business Administration (MBA); an Associate in Claims designation (AIC); and an Associate in Risk Management designation (ARM). He is a Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC) and a licensed financial advisor. The NC Department of Insurance has certified him as an insurance instructor. He also possesses a Bachelors’ Degree in Actuarial Science.

LexisNexis has twice recognized his blog as one of the Top 25 Blogs on Workers’ Compensation. J&L has been listed in AM Best’s Preferred Providers Directory for Insurance Experts – Workers Compensation for over eight years. He recently won the prestigious Baucom Shine Lifetime Achievement Award for his volunteer contributions to the area of risk management and safety. James was recently named as an instructor for the prestigious Insurance Academy.

James is on the Board of Directors and Treasurer of the North Carolina Mid-State Safety Council. He has published two manuals on Workers’ Compensation and three different claims processing manuals. He has also written and has been quoted in numerous articles on reducing Workers’ Compensation costs for public and private employers. James publishes a weekly newsletter with 7,000 readers.

He currently possess press credentials and am invited to various national Workers Compensation conferences as a reporter.

James’s articles or interviews on Workers’ Compensation have appeared in the following publications or websites:

  • Risk and Insurance Management Society (RIMS)
  • Entrepreneur Magazine
  • Bloomberg Business News
  • WorkCompCentral.com
  • Claims Magazine
  • Risk & Insurance Magazine
  • Insurance Journal
  • Workers Compensation.com
  • LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook and other social media sites
  • Various trade publications

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